I think it depends on how you launch the new Command shell. For example, when you change the PATH environment variable in the system properties, the change is not reflected until you open a new command prompt. I think that when you start the new cmd process (for example, from the Run dialog box), you get a new copy of all environment variables, but if you start the command line in a different way, then you do not.
For something done with a script, you may need to restart before you notice the change.
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