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Understanding the "leak" command line utility for detecting memory leaks

I am working on tracking some difficulties to find memory leaks in my iPhone program. I am running a quick test on an application that leaks an NSString object with the following intentionally correct code:

-(void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)notification;
{
    NSMutableString *test = [[NSMutableString alloc] init];
    [test appendString:@"Testing 1"];
    [test appendString:@"\nTesting 2"];
    NSLog(@"%@", test);

    // Uncomment the following line to release the
    // string and clean up your leak.
    // [test release], test = nil;
}

After starting the leaks in the application process id, I get the following:

sf$ leaks 3951
Process 3951: 9988 nodes malloced for 1260 KB
Process 3951: 3 leaks for 128 total leaked bytes.
Leak: 0x163b50  size=64 instance of 'NSCFDictionary', type ObjC, implemented in Foundation  
    0xa07e0720 0x01001080 0x0000000a 0x00000010      .~.............
    0x0000000a 0x0000000c 0x0000000b 0x00000000     ................
    0x00000000 0x00000015 0xa1b1c1d3 0x00163b90     .............;..
    0x00163bd0 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000     .;..............
Leak: 0x178190  size=32 string 'Testing 1
Testing 2'
Leak: 0x178210  size=32 instance of 'NSCFString', type ObjC, implemented in CoreFoundation  
    0xa02e24a0 0x010007ad 0x00178190 0x00000013     .$..............
    0x00000020 0x00000200 0x00000000 0x00000000      ...............

Now we all know where it flows. This is at least not for this exercise. I am trying to figure out how to understand this result. I am told that there are 3 leaks.

, 0x163b50, 0x178190, 0x178210. Apple, - "". , , . , 500K , , .

, , , ?

, Clang Static Analyzer. , Clang Static Analyzer . . , , , , . , cmd.

.

EDIT: , "" , . / Cocoa ? :

sf$ leaks 4383
Process 4383: 9890 nodes malloced for 1255 KB
Process 4383: 7 leaks for 560 total leaked bytes.
Leak: 0x163920  size=176    instance of 'NSPathStore2', type ObjC, implemented in Foundation    
    0xa07e2ae0 0x04f00000 0x0055002f 0x00650073     .*~...../.U.s.e.
    0x00730072 0x0073002f 0x002f0066 0x0069004c     r.s./.s.f./.L.i.
    0x00720062 0x00720061 0x002f0079 0x00700041     b.r.a.r.y./.A.p.
    0x006c0070 0x00630069 0x00740061 0x006f0069     p.l.i.c.a.t.i.o.
    0x0020006e 0x00750053 0x00700070 0x0072006f     n. .S.u.p.p.o.r.
    0x002f0074 0x00490053 0x0042004d 0x002f004c     t./.S.I.M.B.L./.
    0x006c0050 0x00670075 0x006e0069 0x002f0073     P.l.u.g.i.n.s./.
    0x00650054 0x006d0072 0x006e0069 0x006c0061     T.e.r.m.i.n.a.l.
    ...
Leak: 0x163350  size=160    instance of 'NSPathStore2', type ObjC, implemented in Foundation    
    0xa07e2ae0 0x04a00000 0x0055002f 0x00650073     .*~...../.U.s.e.
    0x00730072 0x0073002f 0x002f0066 0x0069004c     r.s./.s.f./.L.i.
    0x00720062 0x00720061 0x002f0079 0x00700041     b.r.a.r.y./.A.p.
    0x006c0070 0x00630069 0x00740061 0x006f0069     p.l.i.c.a.t.i.o.
    0x0020006e 0x00750053 0x00700070 0x0072006f     n. .S.u.p.p.o.r.
    0x002f0074 0x00490053 0x0042004d 0x002f004c     t./.S.I.M.B.L./.
    0x006c0050 0x00670075 0x006e0069 0x002f0073     P.l.u.g.i.n.s./.
    0x00650044 0x0069006c 0x00690063 0x0075006f     D.e.l.i.c.i.o.u.
    ...
Leak: 0x1635a0  size=64 instance of 'NSCFDictionary', type ObjC, implemented in Foundation  
    0xa07e0720 0x01001080 0x0000000a 0x00000010      .~.............
    0x0000000a 0x0000000c 0x0000000b 0x00000000     ................
    0x00000000 0x00000015 0xa1b1c1d3 0x001635e0     .............5..
    0x00163620 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000      6..............
Leak: 0x163620  size=64 
    0xa02ed360 0x00160ee0 0x00163700 0xa02efc00     `........7......
    0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00163680 0x00000000     .........6......
    0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00163660 0xa02ed440     ........`6..@...
    0xa02ec1a0 0xa02f0420 0x00000000 0x00163660     .... ./.....`6..
Leak: 0x163680  size=48 instance of 'NSCFString', type ObjC, implemented in CoreFoundation  
    0xa02e24a0 0x0100078c 0x6d6f6323 0x6c65642e     .$......#com.del
    0x6f696369 0x61737375 0x69726166 0x6c65442e     icioussafari.Del
    0x6f696369 0x61537375 0x69726166 0x00000000     iciousSafari....
Leak: 0x163660  size=32 instance of 'NSCFString', type ObjC, implemented in CoreFoundation  
    0xa02e24a0 0x0200078c 0x6c65440f 0x6f696369     .$.......Delicio
    0x61537375 0x69726166 0x00000000 0x00000000     usSafari........
Leak: 0x160ee0  size=16 instance of 'NSCFString', type ObjC, implemented in CoreFoundation  
    0xa02e24a0 0x0100078c 0x362e3103 0x00000000     .$.......1.6....
+5
3

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% MallocStackLogging=1 leaks …

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+4

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-(void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)notification;
{
    NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
    NSMutableString *test = [[NSMutableString alloc] init];
    [test appendString:@"Testing 1"];
    [test appendString:@"\nTesting 2"];
    NSLog(@"%@", test);
    [test release], test = nil;
    [pool release] // this should drain the autorelease pool
}
+2

3 128 . :

1) NSMutableString, , , NSCFDictionary 64

2) 1 32

3) \n 2 32

, NSMutableString, ( ), NSCFDictionary, : , appendString. NSMutableString, NSCFDictionary NSCFDictionary.

Apple (http://developer.apple.com/iPhone/library/documentation/Performance/Conceptual/ManagingMemory/Articles/FindingLeaks.html):

Cocoa , Xcode , . Cocoa, . Cocoa Core Foundation. Core Foundation, , .

, _NSAutoreleaseNoPool. ​​ NSDebug.h Foundation. , , .

+1

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