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How can I improve this square root method?

I know this sounds like homework, but it doesn’t. Recently, I have been interested in algorithms used to perform certain mathematical operations, such as sine, square root, etc. At the moment, I'm trying to write a Babylonian method of calculating square roots in C #.

So far I have this:

public static double SquareRoot(double x) {
    if (x == 0) return 0;

    double r = x / 2; // this is inefficient, but I can't find a better way
                      // to get a close estimate for the starting value of r
    double last = 0;
    int maxIters = 100;

    for (int i = 0; i < maxIters; i++) {
        r = (r + x / r) / 2;
        if (r == last)
            break;
        last = r;
    }

    return r;
}

It works very well and each time gives the same answer as the .NET Framework Math.Sqrt () method. As you can probably guess, however, this is slower than your own method (approximately 800 ticks). I know that this particular method will never be faster than its own method, but I'm just wondering if there are any optimizations that I can do.

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-, (r == last) , r , close epsilon:

eps = 1e-10  // pick any small number
if (Math.Abs(r-last) < eps) break;

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float InvSqrt (float x){
  float xhalf = 0.5f*x;
  int i = *(int*)&x;
  i = 0x5f3759df - (i>>1);
  x = *(float*)&i;
  x = x*(1.5f - xhalf*x*x);
  return x;}

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mantissa *= 2^K
exponent -= K

mantissa*2^exponent. K 7 8. , . 4 , . r*2^(exponent/2), ldexp.

. ++ , . OP sr1 2,78 2 ^ 24 ; sr2 1.42s, sqrt 0,12 .

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

double sr1(double x)
{
  double last = 0;
  double r = x * 0.5;
  int maxIters = 100;
  for (int i = 0; i < maxIters; i++) {
    r = (r + x / r) / 2;
    if ( fabs(r - last) < 1.0e-10 )
      break;
    last = r;
  }
  return r;
}

double sr2(double x)
{
  // Square roots of values in 0..256 (rounded to nearest integer)
  static const int ROOTS256[] = {
    0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,
    9,9,9,9,9,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,11,11,11,11,11,
    11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,
    12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,
    13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,
    14,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,
    15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16 };

  // Normalize input
  int exponent;
  double mantissa = frexp(x,&exponent); // MANTISSA in [0.5,1[ unless X is 0
  if (mantissa == 0) return 0; // X is 0
  if (exponent & 1) { mantissa *= 128; exponent -= 7; } // odd exponent
  else { mantissa *= 256; exponent -= 8; } // even exponent
  // Here MANTISSA is in [64,256[

  // Initial value on 4 bits
  double root = ROOTS256[(int)floor(mantissa)];

  // Iterate
  for (int it=0;it<4;it++)
    {
      root = 0.5 * (root + mantissa / root);
    }

  // Restore exponent in result
  return ldexp(root,exponent>>1);
}

int main()
{
  // Used to generate the table
  // for (int i=0;i<=256;i++) printf(",%.0f",sqrt(i));

  double s = 0;
  int mx = 1<<24;
  // for (int i=0;i<mx;i++) s += sqrt(i); // 0.120s
  // for (int i=0;i<mx;i++) s += sr1(i);  // 2.780s
  for (int i=0;i<mx;i++) s += sr2(i);  // 1.420s
}
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+1

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    static double guess(double n)
    {
        return Math.Pow(10, Math.Log10(n) / 2);
    }

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    public static double digits(double x)
    {
        double n = Math.Floor(x);
        double d;

        if (d >= 1.0)
        {
            for (d = 1; n >= 1.0; ++d)
            {
                n = n / 10;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (d = 1; n < 1.0; ++d)
            {
                n = n * 10;
            }
        }


        return d;
    }

    public static double guess(double x)
    {
        double output;
        double d = Program.digits(x);

        if (d % 2 == 0)
        {
            output = 6*Math.Pow(10, (d - 2) / 2);
        }
        else
        {
            output = 2*Math.Pow(10, (d - 1) / 2);
        }

        return output;
    }
+1

. , .

x0:

    Func<double, double> fNewton = (b) =>
    {
        // Use first order taylor expansion for initial guess
        // http://www27.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=series+expansion+x^.5
        double x0 = 1 + (b - 1) / 2;
        double xn = x0;
        do
        {
            x0 = xn;
            xn = (x0 + b / x0) / 2;
        } while (Math.Abs(xn - x0) > Double.Epsilon);
        return xn;
    };

(),

    Func<double, double> fNewtonThird = (b) =>
    {
        double x0 = b/2;
        double xn = x0;
        do
        {
            x0 = xn;
            xn = (x0*(x0*x0+3*b))/(3*x0*x0+b);
        } while (Math.Abs(xn - x0) > Double.Epsilon);
        return xn;
    };


public static class Helper
{
    public static long Time(
        this Func<double, double> f,
        double testValue)
    {
        int imax = 120000;
        double avg = 0.0;
        Stopwatch st = new Stopwatch();
        for (int i = 0; i < imax; i++)
        {
            // note the timing is strictly on the function
            st.Start();
            var t = f(testValue);
            st.Stop();
            avg = (avg * i + t) / (i + 1);
        }
        Console.WriteLine("Average Val: {0}",avg);
        return st.ElapsedTicks/imax;
    }
}

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r = x >> 1;

instead of / 2 (also in another place you have a 2 device). This may give you a slight edge. I would also move 100into a loop. Probably nothing, but we are talking about ticks here.

just checking it now.

EDIT: Fixed> in →, but it doesn’t work for doubles, so it never will. Inlay 100 did not increase speed.

-2
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