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Smooth text in X11

I'm experimenting with Xlib to get a deeper understanding of how Linux GUI programs work. I wrote a simple program that displays "Hello, world" in a window, but it looks pretty anachronistic, since the text is not smooth.

What is the best way to display smoothed text in X11? How is anti-aliasing implemented in GTK, Qt and other tools?

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X-protocol text processing tools do not support anti-aliasing and are not used today. (I think the reason is that there is no place for an alpha channel in the X-font protocol.)

GTK Qt FreeType, pixmap -. X- RENDER, pixmap , , -. X- RENDER, , ( , ), - pixmap X-, .

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FreeType . . ( Fontconfig) ( Pango Qt).

Pango Qt FreeType, HarfBuzz.

. Behdad Esfahbod: Pango vs HarfBuzz, : .

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FreeType. GTK + Pango, Qt , FreeType, (, XTerm ) FreeType libXft , Xorg.

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