If I come across something like #include "somewhere/myheader.h", can I automatically jump to this header? (How does gtags work?)
#include "somewhere/myheader.h"
call (ffap-bindings) in ~ / .emacs. This will bind Cx Cf to find the file-in-point.
Then place the cursor on the include line (inside the file path) and press Cx Cf
With CEDET (for the time being, the standalone package will be part of Emacs 23.2) you will get a command semantic-decoration-include-visitthat does what you want.
semantic-decoration-include-visit