You can use Cursor.getColumnNames()to get the column names of any content provider, for example
ContentResolver contentResolver = getContentResolver();
Cursor cursor = contentResolver.query(
Uri.parse("content://sms/inbox"), null, null, null, null);
String[] columnNames = cursor.getColumnNames();
content://sms/inbox _id, thread_id, , , , , , , , reply_path_present, subject, body, service_center, .
SmsProvider, API.