No. But for MyIsam tables, you can create an index with multiple columns and put the auto_increment field in the secondary column, so that you will have approximately the same thing you specify:
CREATE TABLE t1 (prefix CHAR(1) NOT NULL, id INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
..., PRIMARY KEY(prefix,id)) Engine = MyISAM;
INSERT INTO t1(prefix) VALUES ('a'),('a'),('b'),('b');
SELECT * FROM t1;
a 1
a 2
b 1
b 2
: INNODB