Since the conditional check looks in parent_label_class , you can simply add a parameter called label_attr to your form constructor, and there you can add your class.
Example:
$builder->add('checkbox', 'checkbox', array( 'label_attr' => array( 'class' => 'checkbox-inline' ) ) );
Which will give the following result:
<div class="checkbox"> <label class="checkbox-inline required"> <input type="checkbox" id="form_checkbox" name="form[checkbox]" required="required" value="1" />Checkbox </label> </div>
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