TL DR : CloudFront is for content delivery. S3 transmission acceleration is designed for faster transmission and higher throughput for S3 codes (mostly downloads).
Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration is an S3 feature that speeds up loading into S3 buckets using AWS Edge locations — the same edge locations as in AWS CloudFront.
However, (a) creating a CloudFront distribution with a source pointing to your S3 bucket, and (b) enabling S3 Transfer acceleration for your bucket are two different things that serve two different purposes.
When you create a CloudFront distribution with a source pointing to your S3 bucket, you enable caching in Edge locations. Subsequent requests to the same objects will be served from the Edge cache, which is faster for the end user, and also reduces the load on your source. CloudFront is primarily used as a content delivery service.
When you enable S3 Transfer Acceleration for your S3 bucket and use <bucket>.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com instead of the default S3 endpoint, transfers are made through the same border locations, but the network path is optimized for large distances of large objects. To achieve greater throughput, additional resources and optimization are used. No caching in Edge locations.
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