What programming basics should I learn?

Question

I had a very strange programming experience. I somehow learned C ++, but I did not get much from this. Here is what I made of this: headers and variable declaration. And I tried to teach myself PHP, in which I learned a lot. The problem is that many of my knowledge is widespread, random, and designed for specific situations.

So my questions are: what are the basics for programming in most languages?

Answer 1

The term "basics" means a short list, but in order to be an effective programmer, you need to learn a lot of concepts. However, having studied them, you can apply many of the same concepts in different languages.

I have compiled a (long!) List of concepts that are important for several programming languages, if not most.

• Language syntax

  • Keywords
  • Naming conventions
  • Operators
    • Appointment
    • Arithmetic
    • Line
    • Other
  • literals
  • Conditionals
    • If / other
    • Switch / case
    • What is considered true or false (0? Empty String? Null?)
  • Cyclic designs
    • for
    • Eogeasp / iteration
    • a
    • to do while
  • Exception Handling
  • import / inclusion of code from other files

• Type of system

  • Strong / weak
  • Static / dynamic

• Memory management

• Scoping

  • What areas are available
  • How overlapping areas are handled.

• Language constructs / program organization

  • Variables
  • Methods
  • Functions
  • Classes
  • Shutters
  • Packages / Modules / Namespaces

• Data Types and Data Structures

  • Primitives
  • The objects
  • Arrays / Lists
  • Maps / Hash / Associative Array
  • Sets
  • Enum
  • Lines
    • String concatenation
    • Comparing strings and their equality
    • substring
    • Replacement
    • Variability
    • Syntax for creating literal strings

• Functions, Methods, Closing

  • Method / Function Overload
  • Method / Function Switching
  • Passing parameters (pass by value / pass by reference
  • Return Values ​​(Single Return / Multiple Return)

• Type of language (not mutually exclusive)

  • Scenarios
  • Procedural
  • Functional
  • Object oriented

• Object Oriented Principles

  • Inheritance
  • Classic vs. Prototype
  • Single, multiple or something else
  • Classes
  • Static Variables / Global Variables
  • access modifiers (closed, public, protected)

• API (or how to make the main material)

  • Basic I / O
  • Printing standard output
  • Considered standard in
  • File I / O
    • Read file
    • File record
    • Check file attributes
  • Using Regular Expressions
  • Link to environment variables
  • Executing system commands
  • Streaming Model
    • Create threads
    • Thread safety
    • Sync Priorities
  • Patterning

Answer 2

Another important thing not mentioned here is simply object-oriented programming. Ideas revolving around classes, inheritance, interfaces, etc.

Answer 3

A very important skill in basic programming is the ability to think at different levels of abstraction and to know when and what level of abstraction is most suitable for a particular programming task.

Answer 4

Pointers. Because few people really understand them.

Recursion and iteration, plus what's the difference, and when you use them.

Get a book of algorithms and work out exercises - you will not be disappointed.

Answer 5

Testing! (unit testing, integration testing, fixtures, object layout, ...)

And not a programming skill, but, of course, a development skill: using version control and training in making sets of changes that handle one (or several related) requirements or fixing bugs, and will always lead to the creation of a source tree that compiles without errors. This will teach you how to organize your work :-)

And last but not least: English ... :-) Again, this is not a programming skill, and I know that some may disagree, but I feel that any programming language that uses English keywords should also be programmed in English, So: use English variable names and so on. I would even say that the comments on the code should be in English, but I’m sure that more people will not agree with this ... So: find out how others describe their code and adhere to it.

Answer 6

If I were you, I would go back and learn the C programming language from a book in the K & R class.

Answer 7

Find out exactly what you want to program for the first - for example. web applications, PC applications, Java applications, mobile devices, reports, system interfaces, business interfaces, etc., then from there.