The main difference is that the filters are fixed (if you do not open them, in which case they are explicitly configured by the user through forms), while the arguments are variables, usually taken from the URL (if you do not call the view from the code, in which if you can install them arbitrarily).
In your example, I think you are limited by filters, since you cannot specify a date range check with arguments (afaik). See this answer to a similar question regarding date ranges.
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