Performing a replacement may have problems (what if you have articles s401 and s4010?), So it will be more reliable to do this as follows:
Update tblProducts SET articlenumber = 'I000010' Where articlenumber = 's401';
If you have a number of changes, you can create a small script (for example, using Excel, as TheButcher suggested), or you can import data into the tblVals table with the oldVal and newVal columns and then use this statement:
Update tblProducts p SET articlenumber = (Select newVal From tblVals where oldVal = p.articlenumber);
This allows you to perform an update in one of the statements, which again will be more reliable than running a script, which may run into problems if it is really long.
A third idea would be to make the logic of constructing a new number for the old number (if such a thing exists) in SQL (or a stored procedure), for example:
Update tblProducts p SET articlenumber = 'I0000' || Right(articlenumber,1) || '0'
(Of course, this is completely simplified and probably not enough for your 30k lines).
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