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Where and how is the MESI cache negotiation protocol implemented?

I know that the MESI protocol is used to implement cache coherency in multiprocessor systems. But I do not know how this is implemented. Any help on this is greatly appreciated.

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Caching coherence protocols are generally implemented in hardware (inside the central processor or related chipsets). The operating system usually only sets the cache area of ​​the system memory and has some control over the state of the cache, but the actual protocol is specific to specific equipment.

For help on how to control caching data on Intels processors, you can read the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Software Developer's Guide Volume 3A: System Programming Guide (Chapter 11). But this only applies to parts that are under the control of software or the operating system.

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