Yes.
Using Javascript code running inside a UIWebView is an explicitly permitted scripting methodology. See PhoneGap for one use case.
Other scripting languages may be acceptable if they do not run downloaded code or compile executable code (even JIT). This is the standard methodology for many 3D game engines. (The Apple SDK agreement was amended to allow this around September 2010.)
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Other examples. Currently, the iOS App Store has at least 5 major translators and several programmable calculators. Possibly interpreters for Scheme, Ruby and Python.
Unknown If you developed an interpreter in Javascript for a statistical language, could this Javascript in UIWebView load and interpret the source code in that particular statistical language?
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