mingw is the minimum Gnu value for Windows. Several packages have been added to it, but it has gcc and g++ . Sometimes a problem arises that some tool does not work exactly with executable files with .exe at the end or / and \\ in the outputs, but it is pretty decent. I can’t remember, but I think that there may be a reason why you cannot run gdb on Windows, but I could be wrong.
You can also get versions of most * nix text editors for Windows. gVim is available if you like vi or vim. Versions of vi and vim for the command line are also available, but do not always work correctly with modified windows. gVim and vim can highlight syntax if you specify them in the configuration file.
The last two versions of Windows had (or were free to download and install) PowerShell, which I suggest you get. It differs from the * nix shell in many ways, but often (not always) you can do without using it as a * nix shell. If you use pipes in it, you should know that he likes to turn everything into utf-16. The main thing that I found when using DOS as the best window is that you can resize the window more freely. However, you can still use old DOS windows.
Another alternative is cygwin, which, in addition to command line tools, provides an additional * nix environment for your programs. It includes libraries that make things more like you are running Linux in terms of your programs (for example, mimicking many Linux system calls). I used this for a long time, but at that time he had quite serious problems. I have heard a lot since then, but I have not had sufficient reason to try it again.