Most Android phones do not support USB host mode or have drivers for USB devices without βunofficialβ kernel modifications. They also cannot supply power to the USB device.
But if you need a lot of hard work, patching and reflashing the kernel, as well as setting up ADB via Wi-Fi or something else, since you will lose your existing USB (device) ability, you can probably get this to work as a demonstration project.
As a product, you will at least need a seller who wants to sell you reusable phones, and most likely you will want to replace the phone case with a larger one, including a reader and the necessary circuit to turn off the power in some way.
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