This gray line is called the border.
You can set its visibility and position in the Editor properties on the "Screen" tab in the "Margin" and "Gutter systems" group boxes.
Fields are a visual assistant. The standard position is 80 characters, which by default corresponds to the maximum unencrypted size of many original formatting media, such as used here in Stack Overflow. Initially, this had something to do with paper-wide (dot matrix) printers. Perhaps he is still doing.
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