It is likely that NOME_BANCO not initializing on this line
BANCO_DE_DADOS = openOrCreateDatabase(NOME_BANCO, MODE_PRIVATE, null);
This means that you are actually going through:
BANCO_DE_DADOS = openOrCreateDatabase(null, MODE_PRIVATE, null);
Therefore, null pointer exception. Check that it is set to something, and that this is a valid path.
EDIT:
Change the file name to have the correct extension. .db
private static String NOME_BANCO = "Cadastro";
becomes:
private static String NOME_BANCO = "Cadastro.db";
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