I understood:
MVC4 comes with the file \App_Start\BundleConfig.cs , which is used to minimize css / js scripts.
Whenever I published my site (RELEASE), it would call \ Content \ css (a minimized file) that contained the paths to my images ("../images/etc .."), which was incorrect because css the file was no longer WITHIN / Content / Styles / style.css, but / Content / css (minimized version).
I had to change it:
From:
bundles.Add(new StyleBundle("~/Content/css").Include( "~/Content/styles/all.css", ..
To:
bundles.Add(new StyleBundle("~/Content/styles/css").Include( "~/Content/styles/all.css",
..
and in my layout.cshtml:
@Styles.Render("~/Content/styles/css")
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