For DBMS_SCHEDULER (as Frank Schmitt noted) try the following:
SELECT *
FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
ORDER BY LOG_DATE DESC;
and then look in the bdump folder for the trace files.
For DBMS_JOB, you can view the warning log file:
SELECT VALUE
FROM V$PARAMETER
WHERE NAME = 'background_dump_dest';
or
SELECT VALUE
FROM V$SPPARAMETER
WHERE NAME = 'background_dump_dest';
The alert log file has a name like "alert_orcl.log" if your database name is "orcl" by default.
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