PTVS does not have special support for remote interpreters, like PyCharm. You can probably hack something based on existing restrictions, but it will be some work ...
To register a really running interpreter, it must have a binary file (for example, CreateProcess'- for example, SMB files) that accepts the same command line parameters as python.exe. Perhaps you can use ssh directly by adding the appropriate command-line options to the project settings. Otherwise, a binary proxy server that just wraps around and calls the remote process will definitely work.
Running under the debugger is much more complicated. For this to work, the Python binary is called, which would also have to load the PTVS debug bits (this is a bunch of .py files in the PTVS installation directory) and connect to VS via TCP to establish a debugger connection. I don’t see how this could be done without writing significant amounts of code in order to proxy everything correctly.
ptvsd, , .
( ..) , .