AFAIKT, an intellij terminal on linux is the same as starting a standalone terminal session. It is just conveniently located in the IDE.
In response to the question: "How to change terminal environment variables?"
I use virtualenvwrapper to manage my terminal environment variables for different environments like dev, test and production. It works just as well for Java development as it does for python development.
https://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.org
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