Since updating Tomcat was not possible, I needed a way around this problem.
As it turned out, Tomcat 7.0.47 has the same problem, but reports better. When running locally, the report showed me the following:
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Unable to complete the scan for
annotations for web application [/api] due to a StackOverflowError.
Possible root causes include a too low setting for -Xss and illegal cyclic inheritance dependencies.
The class hierarchy being processed was
[org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1Boolean->org.bouncycastle.asn1.DERBoolean-
>org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1Boolean]
jar, catalina.properties :
org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.jarsToSkip=bcprov*.jar
, Tomcat.