Chrome cannot reliably provide computed styles for an element that has not been added to the DOM.
So, you can add an element to body, read its width and delete it.
var el = document.createElement('img');
el.style.width = "calc(10px + 10px)";
document.body.appendChild(el);
var calcSupport = getComputedStyle(el).width == '20px';
document.body.removeChild(el);
, getComputedStyle, jQuery $(el).width() == 20.