I had this problem and uninstalling and reinstalling did not work.
The error in debug mode (Fug Debug configuration) was "Cannot start debugging. Silverlight Developer runtime not set"
In the Debug configuration, I would get the above error, but finally I put the solution in release mode and it worked - then returned to debug mode and everything worked without errors.
It seems like a really strange fix, but quite a complete closure and reopening of the solution, everything works now - the same installation procedure as the OP.
Another interesting thing: Debug only works in Chrome. If I target IE or the edge, I still get "Cannot start debugging. Silverlight Developer runtime not set"
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