If you do not want to repeat the expression, you can use the view:
select *
from (
select id, cos(id) + cos(id) as op
from myTable
) as t
WHERE op > 1;
It will not affect performance, it is just the syntactic sugar required by the SQL standard.
Alternatively, you can rewrite the above expression into a general table expression:
with t as (
select id, cos(id) + cos(id) as op
from myTable
)
select *
from t
where op > 1;
Which one do you prefer depends a lot on taste. CTEs are optimized in the same way as views, so the former can be faster, especially if there is an expression indexcos(id) + cos(id)