Why do functions on columns prevent indexes?

In this question , which I asked the other day, I received the following comment.

In almost any database, almost every function in a column prevents the use of indexes. There are exceptions here, but in general, functions prevent the use of indexes

I googled around and found more mentions of the same behavior, but I was not able to find something deeper than what the comment already told me.

Can someone explain why this is happening, and perhaps strategies to prevent it?

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4 answers

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. , -, HASH(email_address) = 0x123456. , email_address, HASH(email_address), . , email_address , HASH(email_address). , , , .

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