None. It refers to the task of creating (using JavaScript) an HTTP request (and processing the response to it) without leaving the user from the current page (for example, by link or by submitting a form).
There are several ways to do this (XMLHttpRequest, generating <script> elements using a hidden iframe, etc.) and many libraries (YUI, Mootools, Prototype, jQuery, Glow, etc.) that implement helper methods to simplify .
So it is not a language, API, library or structure. This is just a thing that can be done (in various ways).
(It was also used as a replacement term for "DHTML", but its use, for example, with the replacement for "HTML 5" - marketers need a new buzzword to describe "Performing any fancy stuff on the Internet every few years."
Quentin
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