I had the same issue with Android 4.0, although I used ubuntu 16.04 and an SQL browser instead.
I found only one way I could access my phone’s unconnected file system, and finally I was able to open the database file.
Install SSHDroid on your phone
adb -d shell "run-as your.package.name cat databases/database_name.db > /mnt/sdcard/database_name.db"
exactly, you can check if there is a file
$ adb shell shell@android:/ $ cd /mnt/sdcard shell@android:/mnt/sdcard $ ls
if you do not know the exact name of your package, then
adb shell 'pm list packages -f'
run SSHDroid
the default username is root and the default password is admin . It makes sense to change the password.

start FileZilla
open Site Manager and add a new site with SSHDroid ssh server settings.

set /mnt/sdcard as the default remote directory

and connect to the phone via SFTP

Zoltán Süle Jan 08 '17 at 13:48 on 2017-01-08 13:48
source share