C / C ++ function signatures are written with C / C ++ types, such as "int" or "double" or "uint32_t". All of them have corresponding ctypes equivalents, so usually you are not interested in the number of bits.
That said ...
import os print os.sysconf('SC_CHAR_BIT')
... about as close as you get, I think. Does not work on platforms other than Unix. And, as tMC points out in the comments, it doesn't even work on all Unix platforms; I believe this is a GNU extension.
[update]
In fact, the POSIX spec mandate appears CHAR_BIT == 8. So, on any system that supports the sysconf selector SC_CHAR_BIT, you actually do not use it :-).
Nemo
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