In the most general case, assuming you are using a FrameworkBundle (if you are using the standard version, you are), the render function simply calls $this->container->get('templating')->renderResponse , just by going through the parameters.
Engines (such as a branch engine) implement Symfony\Component\Templating\EngineInterface .
You can check vendor/symfony/src/Symfony/Bundle/FrameworkBundle/Controller/Controller.php (and other relevant files, such as those in TwigBundle) if you want to carefully study how this works.
jeremiahd
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