You need the BaseStyle option (which appears in Options[Slider] ). For example.
Manipulate[ Plot[Cos[kx], {x, 0, 2 Pi}, PlotLabel -> "Cosine"], {{k, 1, Style["x", Black, Bold, 24]}, 0, 4, ControlType -> Slider, Appearance -> "Labeled", ControlPlacement -> Bottom, ImageSize -> 200, BaseStyle -> {Red, Large, Italic, FontFamily -> "Times"}}]

Looking at this, I noticed that you can also use the almost undocumented ControlType -> LabeledSlider , just for something else.
Simon
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