It depends on what you change,
Suppose you arbitrarily change the field name / type, this requires a re index, since the data must be parsed according to the new applicable parsing parser. The same can be said for adding or removing a field.
However, there may be a rare scenario where a re-index is not required. The thing is, if you change the query time analysis only for the field type. Since all the necessary changes to the analysis occur during the request, therefore, only a restart of the solr server is required.
Umar
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