Facet fields are used to obtain statistics about returned documents - in particular, for each value of this field, the number of returned documents has this value for this field. So, for example, if you have 10 products matching the query "soft carpet", if you border on "origin", you can get 6 documents for Oklahoma and 4 for Texas. A facet field query will give you numbers 6 and 4.
Filtering queries, on the other hand, are used to filter the returned results by adding another constraint. It should be remembered that a query when using filtering results does not affect the assessment or relevance of documents. For example, you can search your index for a product, but just want to return results limited to a geographic area or something.
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