As sethvargo pointed out, you can use kitchen create even if your instance already converges and the Vagrantfile will be recreated with the changes made to your .kitchen.yml file.
Then you can:
cd .kitchen/suite_name && vagrant reload
and your stray instance will reflect these changes.
But keep in mind that in some cases when you reload your instance, the ssh port number may change. In this case, you can use vagrant port to see the changes and fix the .kitchen / name-of-your-instance.yml file with these changes so that you can kitchen login without any problems.
Alexandro de Oliveira
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