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Passing an array to a function is very slow

I wrote a PowerShell script that requires passing large byte arrays between functions. The script runs extremely slowly. The sample code below reproduces the problem. It simply passes 10 MiB arrays to a function that does nothing (except the message log) and measures how long the call takes.

function do-nothing { param($foo) Write-Verbose -Verbose "in the function" } $tenMiB = 10 * 1024 * 1024 $myFoo = New-Object byte[] $tenMiB Write-Verbose -Verbose "about to do call a function that does nothing..." $elapsed = Measure-Command -Expression { do-nothing -foo $myFoo } Write-Verbose -Verbose "doing nothing took $($elapsed.TotalMilliseconds) milliseconds"

I expect this to take a few milliseconds. On my home PC, it takes about 3000 ms and runs 100% on the processor core. I get the same result with PowerShell 4 and PowerShell 5 (preview). The same thing happens with my working computer and servers. However, one colleague gets the expected result - just a few milliseconds to complete, minimal CPU usage.

Runtime is approximately proportional to the size of the array, which makes no sense to me. The size of the array should not matter.

I wondered if the array was somehow copied. I don't think so, because calling GetHashCode() in an array returns the same value inside and outside the function.

If the array is wrapped in PSCustomObject and the wrapper is passed to the function, the code will work as expected. This is a bit ugly as a workaround, and I would better understand what happens before resorting to it.

Can someone explain this seemingly strange behavior, please?

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3 answers

I post this as a community wiki, designed to be a place where we can post our individual environments and test results, as it seems some problems are reproducing. Perhaps we can find out the conditions that cause this, and from there determine why it is slow in those cases when it is. Formatting suggestions / changes is welcome.

briantist

work station

  • HW (i7)
  • Windows 8.1
  • PowerShell 4.0
  • ISE and console
  • Domain joined
  • byte[] Result: ~ 3,500 ms
  • object[] Result: ~ 6 500 ms

VM server

  • VM (VMware ESXi)
  • Windows 2012 R2
  • PowerShell 5.0.10514.6 (preview)
  • ISE
  • Domain joined
  • byte[] Result:> 7,000 ms
  • object[] Result: ~ 100 ms

Home workstation

  • HW (i5)
  • Windows 10 build 1511
  • Powerhell 5
  • ISE and console
  • Working Group (without AD)
  • Result: first start 4-6 ms, <2ms subsequent runs

emanresu

  • Powerhell 4
  • Result: 1.8 - 2.4 ms

Bacon bits

work station

  • Windows 7 x64 SP1
  • Domain joined
  • Powerhell 4
  • Result: 100 executions, on average 1.16 ms, min 0.67 ms, no more than 13.88 ms, 1.39 ms stddev

VM (ESXi)

  • Windows Server 2012 R2
  • Domain joined
  • Powerhell 4
  • Result: 10 executions, on average 4221 ms, min 4173 ms, no more than 4302 ms, 38.54 ms stddev

Ansgar wiechers

VM (VirtualBox)

  • Windows 2012 R2 (vanilla installation)
    • Powerhell 4
      CLRVersion: 4.0.30319.34014
      BuildVersion: 6.3.9600.16394
    • Result: ~ 7.5 ms
  • Windows 2012 R2 (same VM, fully patched)
    • Powerhell 4
      CLRVersion: 4.0.30319.34209
      BuildVersion: 6.3.9600.17400
    • Result: ~ 4000 ms

Further research showed that the issue was included in the November 2014 update rollup ( MSKB 3000850 ). Not sure if the collected fixes are the actual culprit.

beatcracker

Desktop

  • HW: Q6600@3.1 GHz / 8 GB RAM
  • Windows Server 2012
  • Working Group (without AD)
  • PowerShell 5 (5.0.10018.0)
  • ISE and console
  • Result: ~ 5000 ms

A laptop

  • HW: i3@2.5 GHz / 4 GB RAM
  • Windows 8.1
  • PC connected domain
  • Powerhell 4
  • ISE and console
  • Result: ~ 6000 ms

David Brabant

  • Powerhell 5
  • Windows 10
  • Result: <7 ms

sodawillow

  • HW (i5)
  • Windows 8.1
  • Working Group (without AD)
  • PowerShell 5.0.10514.6
  • ISE
  • Result:> 3500 ms

Matthias R. Jessen

Home laptop

  • HW (i7-2620M)
  • Windows 10 (build 10240)
  • PowerShell 5.0
  • ISE and console
  • byte[] Result: ~ 5,350 ms
  • object[] Result: ~ 8 500 ms
  • int[] Result: ~ 9,700 m.
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Thanks to the stack trace published by @Ansgar Wiechers, I was able to reproduce this behavior on my PC (Windows 10 build 1511, PowerShell 5.0.10586.0) with the following code:

 $Module = New-Module { function do-nothing { param($foo) Write-Verbose -Verbose "in the function" } } $Module.LogPipelineExecutionDetails = $true $myFoo = New-Object byte[] 10mb Write-Verbose -Verbose "about to do call a function that does nothing..." $elapsed = Measure-Command -Expression { do-nothing -foo $myFoo } Write-Verbose -Verbose "doing nothing took $($elapsed.TotalMilliseconds) milliseconds"

Enabling LogPipelineExecutionDetails causes a significant slowdown in the execution of the function. Judging by my digging with ILSpy, the registration of pipeline execution information should be enabled only if the function belongs to the module and the module, enable this option. Perhaps this is the exact behavior that kb3000850 changes.

It would be interesting to see if the problem is reproduced when do-nothing belongs to the module, but LogPipelineExecutionDetails explicitly set to $false .

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Additional information posted as an additional response from the wiki community to avoid character restrictions on each response.

As requested by @PetSerAl, I executed the following code before and after installing kb3000850:

 Add-Type -TypeDefinition @' public static class C{ public static System.Collections.IEnumerable M(){ System.Console.WriteLine(new System.Diagnostics.StackTrace()); yield break; } } '@ function do-nothing { param($foo) Write-Verbose -Verbose "in the function" } $myFoo = [C]::M() Write-Verbose -Verbose "about to do call a function that does nothing..." $elapsed = Measure-Command -Expression { do-nothing -foo $myFoo } Write-Verbose -Verbose "doing nothing took $($elapsed.TotalMilliseconds) milliseconds"

Stacktrace before upgrade:

 at C.<M>d__0.MoveNext() at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringEnumerable(ExecutionContext context, IEnumerable enumerable, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider) at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToString(ExecutionContext context, Object obj, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider, Boolean recurse, Boolean unravelEnumeratorOnRecurse) at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringParser(ExecutionContext context, Object obj) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertNonNumericToString(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConversionData`1.Invoke(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recurse, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertTo(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTypeTable) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.CoerceTypeAsNeeded(CommandParameterInternal argument, String parameterName, Type toType, ParameterCollectionTypeInformation collectionTypeInfo, Object currentValue) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal parameter, CompiledCommandParameter parameterMetadata, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(UInt32 parameterSets, CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParametersInSet(UInt32 validParameterSets, Dictionary`2 nextPositionalParameters, CommandParameterInternal argument, ParameterBindingFlags flags, ParameterBindingException& bindingException) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParameters(Collection`1 unboundArguments, UInt32 validParameterSets, UInt32 defaultParameterSet, ParameterBindingException& outgoingBindingException) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParametersNoValidation(Collection`1 arguments) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParameters(Collection`1 arguments) at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.BindCommandLineParameters() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoPrepare(IDictionary psDefaultParameterValues) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.Start(Boolean incomingStream) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipeImpl(ScriptBlockClauseToInvoke clauseToInvoke, Boolean createLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.<>c__DisplayClassa.<InvokeWithPipe>b__8() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.RunspaceBase.RunActionIfNoRunningPipelinesWithThreadCheck(Action action) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipe(Boolean useLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args) at Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.MeasureCommandCommand.ProcessRecord() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.ProcessRecord() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoExecute() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeHelper() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeThreadProc() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.PipelineThread.WorkerProc() at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state) at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart()

Stacktrace after update (highlighted differences):

 at C.<M>d__0.MoveNext() at System.Linq.Buffer`1..ctor(IEnumerable`1 source) at System.Linq.Enumerable.ToArray[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal parameter, CompiledCommandParameter parameterMetadata, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindParameter(UInt32 parameterSets, CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptParameterBinderController.BindParameters(Collection`1 arguments) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParameters(Collection`1 arguments) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.EnterScope() at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipeImpl(ScriptBlockClauseToInvoke clauseToInvoke, Boolean createLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.<>c__DisplayClassa.<InvokeWithPipe>b__8() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.RunspaceBase.RunActionIfNoRunningPipelinesWithThreadCheck(Action action) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipe(Boolean useLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args) at Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.MeasureCommandCommand.ProcessRecord() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.ProcessRecord() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoExecute() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeHelper() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeThreadProc() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.PipelineThread.WorkerProc() at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state) at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart() at C.<M>d__0.MoveNext() at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringEnumerable(ExecutionContext context, IEnumerable enumerable, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider) at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToString(ExecutionContext context, Object obj, String separator, String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider, Boolean recurse, Boolean unravelEnumeratorOnRecurse) at System.Management.Automation.PSObject.ToStringParser(ExecutionContext context, Object obj) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertNonNumericToString(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConversionData`1.Invoke(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recurse, PSObject originalValueToConvert, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTable) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertTo(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, Boolean recursion, IFormatProvider formatProvider, TypeTable backupTypeTable) at System.Management.Automation.LanguagePrimitives.ConvertTo(Object valueToConvert, Type resultType, IFormatProvider formatProvider) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.CoerceTypeAsNeeded(CommandParameterInternal argument, String parameterName, Type toType, ParameterCollectionTypeInformation collectionTypeInfo, Object currentValue) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderBase.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal parameter, CompiledCommandParameter parameterMetadata, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindParameter(UInt32 parameterSets, CommandParameterInternal argument, MergedCompiledCommandParameter parameter, ParameterBindingFlags flags) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParametersInSet(UInt32 validParameterSets, Dictionary`2 nextPositionalParameters, CommandParameterInternal argument, ParameterBindingFlags flags, ParameterBindingException& bindingException) at System.Management.Automation.ParameterBinderController.BindPositionalParameters(Collection`1 unboundArguments, UInt32 validParameterSets, UInt32 defaultParameterSet, ParameterBindingException& outgoingBindingException) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParametersNoValidation(Collection`1 arguments) at System.Management.Automation.CmdletParameterBinderController.BindCommandLineParameters(Collection`1 arguments) at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.BindCommandLineParameters() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoPrepare(IDictionary psDefaultParameterValues) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.Start(Boolean incomingStream) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipeImpl(ScriptBlockClauseToInvoke clauseToInvoke, Boolean createLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.<>c__DisplayClassa.<InvokeWithPipe>b__8() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.RunspaceBase.RunActionIfNoRunningPipelinesWithThreadCheck(Action action) at System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.InvokeWithPipe(Boolean useLocalScope, Dictionary`2 functionsToDefine, List`1 variablesToDefine, ErrorHandlingBehavior errorHandlingBehavior, Object dollarUnder, Object input, Object scriptThis, Pipe outputPipe, InvocationInfo invocationInfo, Object[] args) at Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.MeasureCommandCommand.ProcessRecord() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessor.ProcessRecord() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoExecute() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.PipelineOps.InvokePipeline(Object input, Boolean ignoreInput, CommandParameterInternal[][] pipeElements, CommandBaseAst[] pipeElementAsts, CommandRedirection[][] commandRedirections, FunctionContext funcContext) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.ActionCallInstruction`6.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.EnterTryCatchFinallyInstruction.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.Interpreter.Run(InterpretedFrame frame) at System.Management.Automation.Interpreter.LightLambda.RunVoid1[T0](T0 arg0) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.RunClause(Action`1 clause, Object dollarUnderbar, Object inputToProcess) at System.Management.Automation.DlrScriptCommandProcessor.Complete() at System.Management.Automation.CommandProcessorBase.DoComplete() at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.DoCompleteCore(CommandProcessorBase commandRequestingUpstreamCommandsToStop) at System.Management.Automation.Internal.PipelineProcessor.SynchronousExecuteEnumerate(Object input, Hashtable errorResults, Boolean enumerate) at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeHelper() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.InvokeThreadProc() at System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.PipelineThread.WorkerProc() at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state, Boolean preserveSyncCtx) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state) at System.Threading.ThreadHelper.ThreadStart()
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