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TLB versus page table

A page table associates each virtual page with a corresponding physical frame. A TLB does the same, except that it contains only a subset of the page table.

What is the purpose of a TLB if a page table does the same and has more data?

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Speed.

A TLB is a cache that contains (probably) recently used pages. The principles of locality and temporality (sp) say that the pages referenced in the TLB are likely to be used again in the near future. This is the basic idea for all caching. When these pages are needed again, it takes minimal time to find the page address in the TLB. The page table itself can be huge, so you can find it to find the page you want, which can become very expensive.

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer

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