One of the easiest browser games is a series of static pages with links on each page leading to other pages. Often there will be some kind of βstoryβ on the page, and then a few options that you can make. Different options lead to different pages.
The next step is to use dynamic pages. When loading a new page, the browser can send some variables to the server, and the server can generate the page on the fly. This saves you the effort of creating a large number of similar pages manually, and also allows you to do things like random results.
However, if you want to save a lot of user state (for example, inventory, skills, or something else), it becomes cumbersome (and unsafe) to constantly transfer it from server to browser to server. For this, session processing is intended: it briefly remembers the user and allows you to remember some variables on the server side.
If you need a more interactive game, you will need to look into Javascript and, possibly, AJAX, which will allow changes to the browser without loading a new page.
In terms of the language, I would suggest Python CGI because I like Python. Start with something simple so that you can better understand what you are working with before creating something big.
Good luck
Artelius
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