There doesn't seem to be much information on actual defaults on Microsoft websites, however, Jeff Chappell seems to have done some research on this topic. Here is the link:
http://www.geoffchappell.com/viewer.htm?doc=studies/msvc/cl/cl/initial.htm&tx=27
As we all know what the documentation says and what the software actually does, these are two different things.
To answer the question, you can see which cl options are passed to the c1xx.dll and c2.dll compiler modules by passing the / Bd option to cl:
cl /Bd helloworld.cpp
To see the environment variables that the compiler and linker uses, type:
cl /Be helloworld.cpp
wozname
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