When writing this question, I realized what the trick is:
In the NSPopUpButton size inspector, I had to reduce Content Hugging Priority .

Obviously, this controls how closely the gaze wants to “hug” its contents. Therefore, when the crawl priority is higher than the resize priority, the view does not want to increase its size because it would mean to have a more empty space between its borders and its contents.
Then, in my special case, I could also snap both NSPopUpButton buttons to the same width and voilà: popUpButtons would perfectly resize while keeping the spacing constant.
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