This is not really a graphical library, but you can use the quil Java Processing interface.
If you want to use Clojurescript, I would suggest looking at d3.js and strokes for use with Clojurescript. However, this requires the d3.js quirky learning methodology and will require quite a bit of thought in terms of HTML, DOM, CSS, and Javascript, even if you write most of the code in Clojure. [EDIT: Now I think it's easier to use d3.js directly from Clojurescript; strokes give little benefit. There are also some Clojurescript chart libraries built on d3.js. For example, I found NVD3 useful.]
There is also an all-Clojurescript C2 library designed to implement some of the d3.js functions, but they do not allow you to dynamically build graphics, although you can add dynamic functions using custom CSS. (C2 is not really growing, AFAIK, but it is actively supported.)
Another option that might be simpler (or not) is to use the Java library, which does what you want. Sure, there are several, including JFreeChart . It may also require a bit of thinking Java style learning about Clojure -Java interop (which ranges from trivially simple to ugly, confusing, and detailed, depending on how the Java library is structured).
For whatever reason, there are libraries for Java to interact with R, which has very good graphing capabilities thanks to the built-in graphing, ggplot2 library and lattice library. So theoretically, you could use Clojure to control Java to control R, which might not be worth it. See this question for Java-R libraries.
You should also ask the Google Incanter group. Perhaps there are some hidden tricks or something in development that will do what you want.
EDIT: Incanter provides something called "dynamic plots . " Not really what you want, I think: these are diagrams that have parameters attached to the sliders so that you can see the change in the graph over time. However, the fact that Incanter can do this suggests that creating a chart that dynamically changes in response to changes in the data would not be so difficult.
ONE MORE EDITING: Since JFreeChart is what Incanter uses to draw charts, and JFreeChart is a Java library that can generate dynamic charts, the option is to use Java methods on chart objects that Incanter produces as this answer .
(EDIT: The search for “clojure jfreechart” displays several libraries and tutorials designed to use JFreeChart with Clojure.)
Anndd ... another EDIT: https://github.com/liebke/apogee it looks like it might be exactly what you wanted, jyriand. (I am interested in related questions, and I continue to notice potential new answers to this question.)